Transmission and Management of Pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhodococcus fascians in Select Ornamentals.

Pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhodococcus fascians are phytobacteria that induce crown gall and leafy gall disease, respectively, resulting in undesirable growth abnormalities. When present in nurseries, plants infected by either bacterium are destroyed, resulting in substantial losses for growers, especially those producing plants valued for their ornamental attributes. There are many unanswered questions regarding pathogen transmission on tools used to take cuttings for propagation and whether products used for bacterial disease control are effective. We investigated the ability to transmit pathogenic A. tumefaciens and R. fascians on secateurs and the efficacy of registered control products against both bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Experimental plants used were Rosa × hybrida, Leucanthemum × superbum, and Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum for A. tumefaciens and Petunia × hybrida and Oenothera 'Siskiyou' with R. fascians. In separate experiments, we found secateurs could convey both bacteria in numbers sufficient to initiate disease in a host-dependent manner and that bacteria could be recovered from secateurs after a single cut through an infected stem. In in vivo assays, none of six products tested against A. tumefaciens prevented crown gall disease, although several products appeared promising in in vitro trials. Likewise, four compounds trialed against R. fascians failed to prevent disease. Sanitation and clean planting material remain the primary means of disease management.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor-Induced Psoriasis in a Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patient Successfully Treated with Ustekinumab.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are widely used in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease, as well as psoriasis. However, there is growing evidence that these medications can also paradoxically induce a psoriasiform skin reaction in a subset of patients. GOALS: We seek to share our experience in treating severe TNF inhibitor-induced psoriasis in a pediatric patient with Crohn’s disease. STUDY: We report a case of a 10-year-old female with Crohn’s disease, who developed psoriasis after twelve months of infliximab therapy. Her skin disease was recalcitrant to topical therapies, methotrexate, and phototherapy. RESULTS: The patient was transitioned to ustekinumab with significant improvement in her symptoms and maintenance of remission of her bowel disease. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of a school-age pediatric patient with TNF inhibitor-induced psoriasis treated with ustekinumab. Controlled trials are warranted to fully assess the safety and efficacy of ustekinumab for treating TNF inhibitor-induced psoriasis in the pediatric population.J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(3): doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.2106.

Extensive transcriptome changes during seasonal leaf senescence in field-grown black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1).

To better understand the molecular control of leaf senescence, we examined transcriptome changes during seasonal leaf senescence in Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1, the Populus reference genome, growing in its natural habitat. Using monthly (from May to October) transcriptomes for three years (2009, 2015, and 2016), we identified 17,974 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; false discovery rate <0.05; log-fold change cutoff = 0) from 36,007 expressed Populus gene models. A total of 14,415 DEGs were directly related to transitions between four major developmental phases - growth, senescence initiation, reorganization, and senescence termination. These DEGs were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in 279 gene ontology (GO) terms, including those related to photosynthesis, metabolic process, catalytic activity, protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, pollination, and transport. Also, there were 881 differentially expressed transcription factor (TF) genes from 54 TF families, notably bHLH, MYB, ERF, MYB-related, NAC, and WRKY. We also examined 28 DEGs known as alternative splicing (AS) factors that regulate AS process, and found evidence for a reduced level of AS activity during leaf senescence. Furthermore, we were able to identify a number of promoter sequence motifs associated with leaf senescence. This work provides a comprehensive resource for identification of genes involved in seasonal leaf senescence in trees, and informs efforts to explore the conservation and divergence of molecular mechanisms underlying leaf senescence between annual and perennial species.

Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management.

Understanding how bacteria affect plant health is crucial for developing sustainable crop production systems. We coupled ecological sampling and genome sequencing to characterize the population genetic history of Rhodococcus and the distribution patterns of virulence plasmids in isolates from nurseries. Analysis of chromosome sequences shows that plants host multiple lineages of Rhodococcus, and suggested that these bacteria are transmitted due to independent introductions, reservoir populations, and point source outbreaks. We demonstrate that isolates lacking virulence genes promote beneficial plant growth, and that the acquisition of a virulence plasmid is sufficient to transition beneficial symbionts to phytopathogens. This evolutionary transition, along with the distribution patterns of plasmids, reveals the impact of horizontal gene transfer in rapidly generating new pathogenic lineages and provides an alternative explanation for pathogen transmission patterns. Results also uncovered a misdiagnosed epidemic that implicated beneficial Rhodococcus bacteria as pathogens of pistachio. The misdiagnosis perpetuated the unnecessary removal of trees and exacerbated economic losses.

Distinct functions for netrin 1 in chicken and murine semicircular canal morphogenesis.

The vestibular system of the inner ear detects head position using three orthogonally oriented semicircular canals; even slight changes in their shape and orientation can cause debilitating behavioral defects. During development, the canals are sculpted from pouches that protrude from the otic vesicle, the embryonic anlage of the inner ear. In the center of each pouch, a fusion plate forms where cells lose their epithelial morphology and the basement membrane breaks down. Cells in the fusing epithelia intercalate and are removed, creating a canal. In mice, fusion depends on the secreted protein netrin 1 (Ntn1), which is necessary for basement membrane breakdown, although the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Using gain-of-function approaches, we found that overexpression of Ntn1 in the chick otic vesicle prevented canal fusion by inhibiting apoptosis. In contrast, ectopic expression of the same chicken Ntn1 in the mouse otic vesicle, where apoptosis is less prominent, resulted in canal truncation. These findings highlight the importance of apoptosis for tissue morphogenesis and suggest that Ntn1 may play divergent cellular roles despite its conserved expression during canal morphogenesis in chicken and mouse.

Isothermal Amplification and Lateral-Flow Assay for Detecting Crown-Gall-Causing Agrobacterium spp.

Agrobacterium is a genus of soilborne gram-negative bacteria. Members carrying oncogenic plasmids can cause crown gall disease, which has significant economic costs, especially for the orchard and nursery industries. Early and rapid detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp. is key to the management of crown gall disease. To this end, we designed oligonucleotide primers and probes to target virD2 for use in a molecular diagnostic tool that relies on isothermal amplification and lateral-flow-based detection. The oligonucleotide tools were tested in the assay and evaluated for detection limit and specificity in detecting alleles of virD2. One set of primers that successfully amplified virD2 when used with an isothermal recombinase was selected. Both tested probes had detection limits in picogram amounts of DNA. Probe 1 could detect all tested pathogenic isolates that represented most of the diversity of virD2. Finally, the coupling of lateral-flow detection to the use of these oligonucleotide primers in isothermal amplification helped to reduce the onerousness of the process, and alleviated reliance on specialized tools necessary for molecular diagnostics. The assay is an advancement for the rapid molecular detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp.